Generalized Cost-Effectiveness
A form of cost-effectiveness analysis comparing a broad set of interventions against a common null counterfactual rather than against current practice.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Generalized Estimating Equations
A method analysing repeated measures or clustered data, estimating population-average effects while accounting for within-cluster correlation, without a full random effects specification.
Generalized F Model
A highly flexible parametric survival model encompassing several other distributions, including the exponential, Weibull, and log-normal, as special cases.
Generalized Gamma
A flexible probability distribution including the gamma, Weibull, and log-normal distributions as special cases, capable of representing many hazard shapes.
Generalized Gamma Model
A survival model based on the generalised gamma distribution, nesting simpler distributions, such as the Weibull and log-normal, within one framework.
Generalized Linear Model
A modelling framework extending linear regression to non-normal outcomes, such as binary or count data, via a specified link function.
Genetic Algorithm
An optimisation technique inspired by evolution that iteratively selects and combines the best candidate solutions across generations to improve results.
Gibbs Sampling
A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm generating samples from a complex joint distribution by iteratively sampling each variable from its conditional distribution.
Gini Coefficient Health
An adaptation of the Gini coefficient, originally measuring income inequality, applied to measure inequality in a health outcome, such as life expectancy.
Global Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis techniques assessing how a model's output responds to simultaneous variation across the full range of all uncertain inputs, unlike one-way analysis.
Gompertz Distribution
A probability distribution characterised by a hazard rate rising exponentially with time, originally developed to describe human mortality increasing with age.
Gompertz Model
A survival model based on the Gompertz distribution, assuming the hazard rate rises exponentially over time, a pattern common in age-related mortality.
Goodness of Fit
A statistical measure of how well a model's predicted values correspond to observed data, used to assess whether it adequately fits the pattern.
Goodness of Fit Test
A formal statistical test determining whether observed data are consistent with a specified distribution or model, providing a basis for accepting or rejecting it.
Gradient Descent
An iterative optimisation algorithm adjusting parameters in the direction that most rapidly reduces an objective function until a minimum is reached.
Grid Search
An optimisation approach evaluating an objective function across a predefined set of candidate parameter combinations arranged in a regular grid.
Group-Based Trajectory Model
A technique identifying distinct subgroups following similar patterns of change over time, without assuming everyone follows the same single trajectory.
Growth Curve Model
A modelling approach describing how an outcome changes over time within individuals, estimating both an average trajectory and individual variation around it.
Growth Mixture Model
An extension of growth curve modelling allowing unobserved subgroups to follow qualitatively different average trajectories, rather than varying only in degree.
Half-Cycle Correction
An adjustment in Markov model based evaluations accounting for events occurring, on average, mid-cycle rather than precisely at its start or end.