Budget Constraint
Budget constraint is the limit that a fixed budget and given costs place on what can be bought, so funding one health programme means forgoing another.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Budget Cycle
Budget Cycle is the yearly sequence of formulation, approval, execution and review by which government health budgets are set, spent and audited.
Budget Envelope
Budget Envelope is the fixed total set in advance for a health sector, programme or fund, within which detailed spending and coverage choices must fit.
Budget Execution
Budget execution is the stage of the budget cycle in which an approved health budget is released, committed and spent, tracked by its execution rate.
Budget Impact
Budget impact is the change in spending a budget holder can expect from adopting a health technology or policy, estimated by budget impact analysis.
Budget Impact Analysis
Budget impact analysis (BIA) estimates how adopting a new health technology would change spending for a particular budget holder over the next few years.
Budget Impact Model
Budget Impact Model is the calculation tool that forecasts a payer's yearly spending with and without a new health technology, usually over 1 to 5 years.
Budget Impact Modelling
Budget impact modelling is the practice of building, testing and documenting a model of how a new health technology changes a payer's yearly spending.
Budget Planning
Budget planning is forecasting a health organisation's activity, costs and income for the next period and setting a spending plan before approval.
Capability Index Values
Capability index values are preference weights, often from best-worst scaling, that turn ICECAP answers into one score anchored at full and no capability.
Capital Budget
Capital Budget is a health system's spending limit for long-lived assets such as hospitals, equipment and IT, kept apart from day-to-day running costs.
Capital Cost
Capital Cost is the cost of assets used for over a year, such as buildings and medical equipment, spread over their useful life in economic evaluation.
Capital Rationing
Capital rationing is a budget constraint on investment that leaves too little money to fund every health project with a positive net present value.
Cardinal Scaling
Cardinal scaling values health states so that differences between values show strength of preference, as QALYs require; ordinal scales give rank only.
Cardinal Utility
Cardinal utility is utility measured on a scale where differences between values carry meaning, as expected utility and QALY calculations require.
Cash Budget
A cash budget is a period-by-period forecast of cash receipts and payments that shows when a health organisation will need financing or have spare cash.
Cash Flow
Cash flow is the money an organisation such as a hospital or health payer receives and pays out over a period, which can differ from its surplus or costs.
Categorical Targeting
Categorical targeting makes everyone in an easily observed group, such as children or older people, eligible for a benefit without testing individual need.
Category Rating
Category rating is a health state valuation method where people place health states on a scale of ordered, equal-interval categories between two anchors.
Ceiling Effect
A ceiling effect is a measurement limitation in which many respondents score at the top of a health scale, so further improvement cannot be detected.