Dictionary

P

Patient SubmissionTermPatient Organisation Submission, Patient Group Submission

A formal written contribution from a patient or patient organisation describing a condition's impact from the patient perspective.

Patient Time CostConceptCost of Patient Time, Value of Patient Time

Patient time cost is the value of the hours patients spend travelling to, waiting for and receiving health care, often valued at a wage rate.

Patient Value MessageTermPatient-Focused Value Message, Patient Value Story

A concise statement summarising a technology's key benefits from patients' own perspective, addressing quality of life and treatment burden.

Patient VolumeTermCase Volume, Caseload

The total number of patients treated by a provider over a defined period, used as a measure of clinical activity and, at times, expertise.

Patient-Centred CareTermPerson-Centred Care, Patient-Focused Care, Patient-Centred Model, Person-Centred Model, Patient-Focused Model

A care model respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values, guiding all clinical decisions accordingly.

Patient-Centred OutcomeTermPatient-Important Outcome, Patient-Relevant Outcome

A health outcome measure specifically identified as important to patients themselves, rather than selected primarily for clinical or biomarker significance.

Patient-Level CovariateTermIndividual Covariate, Patient Characteristic

A characteristic recorded for individual patients, such as age or baseline severity, examined for its effect on treatment response using patient-level data.

Patient-Reported OutcomeConceptPRO, Self-Reported Outcome

Any report of a patient's health status that comes directly from the patient without clinical interpretation, from symptom ratings to full quality of life instruments.

Pattern Mixture ModelConceptPMM, Pattern-Mixture Approach

A missing data modelling approach stratifying analysis by the observed pattern of missingness, rather than assuming one model applies to everyone.

Pay-for-PerformanceTermP4P, Performance-Related Pay

A methodology linking a portion of provider reimbursement directly to measured performance on quality, efficiency, or outcome metrics, rather than volume alone.

Payback PeriodTermRecoupment Period, Break-Even Time

The length of time required for the cumulative cash inflows from an investment to equal its initial cost.

Payer HTA LinkTermHTA-Payer Interface, Assessment-to-Coverage Link

The formal or informal connection between an assessment organisation and the payers responsible for implementing its funding recommendations.

Payer MixTermPayer Composition, Funding Mix

The distribution of a provider's patients across payer types, such as private insurance and public programmes, affecting overall revenue.

Payer PerspectiveTermPayer Viewpoint, Insurer Perspective

An analytic viewpoint including only costs and outcomes relevant to a specific healthcare payer, such as an insurer or government health programme.

Payer Value MessageTermPayer-Focused Value Message, Reimbursement Value Story

A concise statement summarising a technology's value specifically framed to address payer priorities, such as budget impact and cost-effectiveness.

Payment Adjustment FactorTermBase-Rate Multiplier, Rate Adjuster

A numerical multiplier applied to a base payment rate to account for specific circumstances affecting the cost of care, such as geographic wage differences.

Payment AmountTermPayment Level, Reimbursement Amount

The specific figure a payer reimburses a provider for a service or episode, determined according to the applicable payment methodology.

Payment by ResultsTermPbR, Tariff-Based Payment

Payment by Results was England's tariff-based system for paying NHS hospitals for activity, replaced by the National Tariff Payment System in 2014/15.

Payment PolicyTermReimbursement Policy, Provider Reimbursement Policy

The overall set of rules a payer establishes governing how providers will be reimbursed for the services they deliver.

Payment Rate SettingTermPayment Rate Determination, Tariff Setting, Fee Schedule Development, Fee Schedule Setting, Rate Development

The process by which a payer determines reimbursement for a service or payment category, incorporating resource cost, market rates, and policy goals.

PayoffTermGame Reward, Strategy Outcome

The value, such as cost, outcome, or utility, associated with a particular pathway or outcome within a decision-analytic or game-theoretic model.

PBACTermPharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, Australian HTA Committee

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, Australia's body recommending which medicines should be subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

PBMATermProgramme Budgeting and Marginal Analysis, Marginal Reallocation

An abbreviation for programme budgeting and marginal analysis, a priority-setting method reallocating resources from lower-value to higher-value activities within a fixed budget.

Pearson CorrelationConceptPearson Product-Moment, Linear Correlation Coefficient

A measure quantifying the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables, ranging from negative one to positive one.

PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core ScalesConceptPedsQL, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory, PedsQL Generic Core Scales

PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales are a 23-item paediatric health-related quality of life measure, scored 0 to 100 and often mapped to utilities for QALYs.

Peer ReviewTermRefereeing

A process in which providers evaluate the quality of care delivered by professional colleagues, for improvement, credentialing, or disciplinary purposes.

Peer Review HTATermHTA Peer Review, Scientific Review of HTA

Having independent experts critically evaluate an assessment's methods, analysis, and conclusions before it is finalised or published.

PenaltyTermFinancial Sanction, Payment Deduction

A financial reduction applied to a provider's payment, typically for failing to meet a specific quality, reporting, or compliance requirement.

Per Capita Health SpendingTermHealth Spending per Capita, Per-Head Health Spending

A measure of average healthcare expenditure found by dividing total health spending by population size, standardising for comparison across regions.

Per DiemTermDaily Payment, Per-Day Payment

A methodology reimbursing a provider a fixed amount for each day of care, regardless of specific services delivered that day.

Per Diem RateTermDaily Rate, Per-Day Rate

The specific fixed sum paid to a provider for each day of care under a per diem payment arrangement.

Per Member Per MonthTermPMPM, Capitated Monthly Payment

A standard unit expressing a capitated payment as the fixed monthly amount received per enrolled member, regardless of services actually used.

Per-Protocol AnalysisTermPP Analysis, On-Treatment Analysis

An analysis including only trial participants who received and adhered to their assigned treatment as specified, excluding those with major protocol deviations.

Per-Protocol PopulationTermPP Population, Compliant Population

The subset of trial participants who completed the study while closely adhering to the protocol, used as the analysis population for a per-protocol analysis.

Perceived HealthTermGeneral Health Perception

A patient's own subjective rating of overall health status, shown to independently predict future health outcomes and healthcare use beyond clinical measures alone.

PercentileTermCentile, Distribution Position

A descriptive statistic indicating the value below which a specified percentage of observations in a dataset fall.

Percutaneous Coronary InterventionTermPCI, Coronary Angioplasty

A minimally invasive, catheter-based procedure opening narrowed coronary arteries, typically involving balloon angioplasty and stent placement.

Perfect AgentTermPerfect Agency, Ideal Agent

A theoretical benchmark in which an agent, such as a physician, decides exactly as the principal would if they held the same information.

Performance BiasConcept

Performance bias is systematic error from differences in care, co-interventions or behaviour between trial arms, often because people know the allocation.

Performance BudgetTermPerformance-Based Budget, Results-Linked Budget

A budgeting approach that allocates funds based on the activities and performance levels an organisation intends to achieve.

Performance DashboardTermMetrics Dashboard, Performance Scorecard

A visual display presenting a curated set of key performance metrics in a single, easily accessible view for quick monitoring.

Performance MeasureTermPerformance Metric, Performance Indicator

A specific, quantifiable metric assessing how well a provider or system is achieving its objectives, spanning structural, process, and outcome domains.

Performance MeasurementTermPerformance Assessment, Performance Monitoring

The systematic measurement of how well a provider or health system delivers care against defined standards, using indicators that can be tracked over time.

Performance OutcomeTermPerfO, Performance-Based Outcome

A clinical outcome based on a standardised task performed by a patient, such as a timed walk test, unlike a self-reported measure.

Performance StandardsTermPerformance Criteria, Achievement Standards

The specific benchmarks established for evaluating the quality, efficiency, or outcomes of a healthcare provider, programme, or system.

Performance WeightsTermIndicator Weights, Scoring Weights

Weights assigned to experts based on their demonstrated accuracy on questions with known answers, giving more influence to better-calibrated experts.

Performance-Based AgreementTermPBA, Performance Agreement, Outcome-Based Pricing, Performance-Based Pricing, Pay-for-Performance Pricing

A contractual arrangement in which pricing or continued reimbursement depends on a treatment achieving specified performance criteria in real-world use.

Performance-Based FinancingTermPBF, Results-Linked Financing

A financing approach tying provider or programme payments to achievement of predefined performance targets, such as immunisation coverage.

Performance-Based RebateTermPerformance Rebate, Outcome-Linked Rebate, Outcome-Based Rebate, Outcomes-Based Rebate, Results-Linked Rebate, Risk-Sharing Rebate, Performance-Linked Rebate, Value-Based Rebate

A rebate arrangement in which a manufacturer discount to a payer is contingent on the treatment achieving a specified level of clinical performance.

Perinatal EpidemiologyTermPregnancy Epidemiology, Birth Epidemiology

A branch of epidemiology studying health outcomes and their determinants during pregnancy, childbirth, and the immediate postnatal period.